Table of Contents

• Cause
  
• Diagnosis
  
• Treatment
  
• Treating Vaginal Candidiasis
  
• Prevention
  
• Treating and Preventing Fungal Infections Naturally
  
• Practical Prevention Tips
  
• Food as Prevention!
  
• Anti-Fungal Drugs and Pregnancy
  
• Conclusion

Vaginal candidiasis is a fungal or yeast infection of the vulva and/or vagina. It causes a smelly, thick, white-yellow discharge that might be accompanied by itching, burning and swelling. It can also can make walking, urinating or sex very painful.

Vaginal candidiasis can be an occasional problem for even the healthiest woman. However, it's more common and severe in women with weakened immune systems. For many, a repeating or worsening vaginal yeast infection is the first symptom of HIV infection. This infection can occur at any CD4+ cell count but is likely to occur more often when your CD4+ count falls below 100.

Cause

Vaginal candidiasis is caused by the fungus called Candida. Everyone has small quantities of the fungus in the mouth, vagina, digestive tract and skin. In healthy persons, "friendly" bacteria and the immune system prevent the fungus from causing infection. However, if you have a damaged or weakened immune system, it's easier for Candida to grow and cause disease.

Certain drugs can alter the natural organisms in the vagina, which can then promote the growth of Candida. These include the extended use of antibiotics, steroids and oral contraceptives (birth control) with a high estrogen content. Other factors that may cause candidiasis include: diabetes, pregnancy, using antihistamines (drugs commonly used to prevent allergies and rash) and iron, folate, vitamin B12 or zinc deficiency. Factors that may weaken the immune system -- from cancer chemotherapy to stress and depression -- can also cause candidiasis. Tight fitting pants and reactions to chemical ingredients found in soaps and detergents can lead to vaginal candidiasis as well.

Diagnosis

Vaginal candidiasis is usually diagnosed by appearance and symptoms. Because symptoms are similar to many other conditions, like the sexually transmitted disease trichomonas, your doctor should confirm a diagnosis by scraping an affected area for examination under a microscope. Other lab tests are usually done if the infection does not clear up after treatment.

Treatment

Topical treatments (active only on the area where applied) are the first choices for yeast infections and these generally work for mild-to-moderate cases. These include vaginal creams, suppositories or tablets. Many are available over-the-counter in a drugstore.

Most topical treatments are put into the vagina once or twice a day for three days or once a day for seven days. (See table for drug names and doses). Longer courses (7-14 days) may be more effective in HIV-positive women.

Generally, topical treatments do not cause side effects, but in a small number of women they may lead to vaginal burning, itching or skin rash. A few women have experienced cramps or headaches. Oil-based vaginal creams should be used with caution as they may weaken latex condoms and diaphragms (see table).

If topical treatment does not work, or if outbreaks recur often, you may need systemic (throughout the body) drugs. A single oral dose of fluconazole (Diflucan) is increasingly used to treat vaginal candidiasis.

Treating Vaginal Candidiasis

Preventing Vaginal Candidiasis

There are many practical ways to try to prevent vaginal candiaisis (see below). For women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis, a single dose of fluconazole weekly is sometimes used to prevent the infection. Caution is recommended when considering this approach since extended use of fluconazole can result in candidiasis that becomes resistant to treatment.

Gentian violet has been used to treat and prevent fungal infections for years. It is available without a prescription, but your doctor may have special instructions for preventing vaginal candidiasis. As a prevention strategy, it is applied onto the affected areas with a cotton swab once a week for four weeks, or as instructed by your doctor.

Treating and Preventing Fungal Infections Naturally

There's a strong connection between what you eat and the health of your immune system. Nevertheless, nutritional approaches to prevent and treat conditions like candidiasis are complicated and controversial. While there isn't a magic recipe that prevents or treats yeast infections in everyone, following some basic guidelines may lower the risk of yeast becoming a problem for you.

Sugar, yeast, dairy, wheat, caffeine, nicotine and alcohol promote the growth of yeast. Nutritionists recommend ingesting as little as possible of these foods and products to decrease the risk and/or severity of yeast infections. Eating larger amounts of foods that may suppress the growth of yeast, like garlic or milk and yogurt that contain acidophilus, may help prevent yeast infections or provide extra treatment for infections that occur.

Anti-Fungal Drugs and Pregnancy

The U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections include recommendations about using anti-fungal drugs during pregnancy. In short, the Guidelines recommend that oral azole anti-fungals -- including fluconazole (Diflucan), itraconazole (Sporanox) and ketoconazole (Nizoral) -- should not be used during pregnancy because they have caused birth defects in animal studies.

If you are pregnant and treating or preventing vaginal candidiasis, topical therapies are preferable. Moreover, it's recommended that oral azole drugs be stopped in women who become pregnant and that women taking these drugs use effective birth control.

Conclusions

Candidiasis is among the most common conditions in people with HIV. While it's a relatively common condition in general, it's often the first sign of illness that HIV disease is progressing to a more severe stage, particularly yeast infections that recur or respond less to treatment. Candidiasis outbreaks can be frequent, cause great discomfort and add to the decline in health seen in AIDS.

It's important for you to prevent and treat vaginal candidiasis, like other forms of candidiasis. This will improve the discomfort created by the infection and reduce further damage candidiasis may cause to your immune system.

For information on oral candidiasis, read Oral Candidiasis available by calling Project Inform's HIV/AIDS Treatment Hotline at 1-800-822-7422 or by visiting our website.