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Unique Collaboration Charts the Migrations of a Parasite that Affected History
Researchers Sequence Louse DNA from Mummies and Propose New Model for its Development


In the News

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Common Cold Virus Alters Body's Genes" October 24, 2008
Comparison of the Safety and Immunogenicity of 2 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines— Nonadjuvanted Vaccine or Vaccine Adjuvanted with Alum—Given Concomitantly with Influenza Vaccine to High-Risk Elderly Individuals
Ann R. Falsey, Edward E. Walsh, Jose Capellan, Stefan Gravenstein, Maria Zambon, Eddy Yau, Geoffrey J. Gorse, Robert Edelman, Frederick G. Hayden, Janet E. McElhaney, Kathleen M. Neuzil, Kristen L. Nichol, Eric A. F. Simões, Peter F. Wright, and Valérie M.-P. Sales
A second study, this one published in the Nov. 15 issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, found that respiratory syncytial virus, the main cause of lung infections and hospitalizations in children, may actually linger in the body even after symptoms subside.

Featured in Reuters-USE_THIS
"HPV infection rates similar in men and women" October 10, 2008
Age-Specific Prevalence, Incidence, and Duration of Human Papillomavirus Infections in a Cohort of 290 US Men
Anna R. Giuliano, Beibei Lu, Carrie M. Nielson, Roberto Flores, Mary R. Papenfuss, Ji-Hyun Lee, Martha Abrahamsen, and Robin B. Harris
Although men are at high risk of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, most last no more than a year, about the same time this sexually transmitted disease persists in women, researchers report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Featured in Houston Chronicle
"Graedons: Some food combos can do harm" August 10, 2008
Medical-Grade Honey Kills Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria In Vitro and Eradicates Skin Colonization
Paulus H. S. Kwakman, Johannes P. C. Van den Akker, Ahmet Güçlü, Hamid Aslami, Jan M. Binnekade, Leonie de Boer, Laura Boszhard, Frederique Paulus, Pauline Middelhoek, Anje A. te Velde, Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Marcus J. Schultz, and Sebastian A. J. Zaat
Honey has been used for thousands of years to help heal wounds. A recent article demonstrated that medical-grade honey kills antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Clinical Infectious Diseases, June 1, 2008). When applied to the forearm, this special Dutch honey (Revamil) kept germs from growing on the skin. The manufacturer also has developed a veterinary formulation called Vetramil, which is supposed to discourage licking.

Featured in Scientific American
"Stomach Bug May Ward Off Asthma" July 16, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"...scientists analyzed data from more than 7,000 participants in a national health and nutrition survey. They found that children between the ages of three and 13 are less than half as likely to have asthma if they carry H. pylori. They also had half the incidence of hay fever and other allergies. The results appear online in the July 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases."

Featured in U.S. News & World Report
"Stomach Germ May Protect Against Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma

Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"A stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori may reduce a child's risk of developing asthma by as much as 50 percent, a new study suggests.  H. pylori has been present in the human stomach probably since humans were humans. However, the germ began disappearing over the course of the 20th century with the introduction of antibiotics and cleaner water and homes, perhaps making children more susceptible to asthma, the study authors suggested."

Featured in Wired News
"Internal Bacterial Imbalance Leads to Asthma" July 15, 2008
Helicobacter pylori Colonization Is Inversely Associated with Childhood Asthma
Yu Chen, Martin J. Blaser
"In a study published yesterday in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers showed that Heliobacter pylori, an intestinal microbe that co-evolved with humans, appears to protect children from asthma.  Asthma rates have nearly doubled in the United States since 1970, and are swelling in the developing world. Underlying the rise is a constellation of causes -- and one of these may be the loss of H. pylori, a vanishing member of the rich bacterial ecosystems in our stomachs."

Featured in Reuters
"Zinc reduces common cold symptoms" April 17, 2008
Duration and Severity of Symptoms and Levels of Plasma Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, and Adhesion Molecules in Patients with Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate
Ananda S. Prasad, Frances W. J. Beck, Bin Bao, Diane Snell, and James T. Fitzgerald
Zinc acetate lozenges taken within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, according to a report in The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Featured in National Public Radio
"Peruvian Mummies' Lice Came from Africa" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies

Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
When humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 years ago, they were likely carrying stowaways. Scientists who've tested head lice taken from Peruvian mummies found the strains of these little parasites were nearly identical to those that were irritating our ancestors in Africa.

Featured in New York Times
"Scientists Say Mummies' Lice Show Pre-Columbian Origins" February 7, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
[In a new paper for the JID, scientists] establish that lice had accompanied their human hosts in the original peopling of the Americas, probably as early as 15,000 years ago. The DNA matched that of the most common type of louse known to exist worldwide now and also before Europeans colonized the New World.

Featured in Reuters
"Head lice came with us out of Africa" February 6, 2008
Molecular Identification of Lice from Pre-Columbian Mummies
Didier Raoult, David L. Reed, Katharina Dittmar, Jeremy J. Kirchman, Jean-Marc Rolain, Sonia Guillen, and Jessica E. Light
Head lice taken from 1,000-year-old mummies in Peru support the idea that the little creatures accompanied humans on their first migration out of Africa, 100,000 years ago, researchers reported on Wednesday.

1 February 2007

Volume 195, Number 3
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007;195:425–431
0022-1899/2007/19503-0017$15.00
DOI: 10.1086/510536
MAJOR ARTICLE

Absolute Count and Percentage of CD4+ Lymphocytes Are Independent Predictors of Disease Progression in HIV-Infected Persons Initiating Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Todd Hulgan,1,2,4

Bryan E. Shepherd,3

Stephen P. Raffanti,1,4

Jennifer S. Fusco,5

Robin Beckerman,6

Gema Barkanic,1 and

Timothy R. Sterling1,2

1Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 2Center for Health Services Research, and 3Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and 4Comprehensive Care Center, Nashville, Tennessee; 5EpiQuest Sciences, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, and 6Durham, North Carolina

Background.  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is recommended when the absolute CD4+ T lymphocyte count is <200 cells/mm3, and it should be considered when that count is 200, although the optimal timing when it is 200 is unclear. Because preliminary data had suggested that a low CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage (%CD4) is associated with disease progression in persons initiating HAART who have a higher absolute CD4, we sought to further characterize the predictive utility of %CD4.

Methods.  We conducted an observational study of persons in Collaborations in HIV Outcomes Research/US cohort who initiated their first HAART regimen between 1997 and 2004, received 30 days of therapy, and had baseline values of absolute CD4, %CD4, and HIV-1 RNA. Cox proportional-hazards models determined associations between %CD4 and disease progression (to either a new AIDS-defining event [ADE] or death).

Results.  Of 1891 persons, 11% were female and 18% were African American; the median age was 38 years. Median follow-up was 55 months (interquartile range, 23–83 months), and 468 (25%) had disease progression. Multivariable analysis including age, race, sex, HIV-1 RNA, prior antiretroviral therapy, probable route of infection, prior ADE, absolute CD4, and %CD4 was performed; prior ART ( ), injection-drug use ( ), lower absolute CD4 ( ), and lower %CD4 ( ) predicted disease progression.

Conclusions.  %CD4 at initiation of the first HAART regimen predicted disease progression independent of absolute CD4; %CD4 may be used to determine the timing of HAART.

Received 2 June 2006; accepted 15 September 2006; electronically published 21 December 2006.

Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Todd Hulgan, Div. of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 345 24th Ave. N, Ste. 105, Nashville, TN 37203 ().

Cited by

Martin S. Hirsch. (2008) Initiating Therapy: When to Start, What to Use. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 197:s3, S252-S260
Online publication date: 15-May-2008.
Bryan E. Shepherd. (2008) The cost of checking proportional hazards. Statistics in Medicine 27:8, 1248-1260
Online publication date: 15-May-2008.
CrossRef
Edward Stenehjem, Judith C Shlay. (2008) Sex-specific differences in treatment outcomes for patients with HIV and AIDS. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 8:1, 51-63
Online publication date: 1-Mar-2008.
CrossRef
Yao-Nan Wang, Yuejun Kang, Dongyan Xu, Chan Hee Chon, Louise Barnett, Spyros A. Kalams, Deyu Li, Dongqing Li. (2008) On-chip counting the number and the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Lab on a Chip 8:2, 309
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008.
CrossRef
  • Potential conflicts of interest: S.P.R. serves on the CHORUS advisory board; J.S.F. and R.B. were employees of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) at the time the study was performed. Neither the funding agencies nor GSK were involved in study design, data analysis or interpretation, or drafting of the manuscript.

    Financial support: National Institutes of Health (NIH; grant K23 AT002508-01 to T.H. and grant K24 AI065298 to T.R.S.); Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for AIDS Research (NIH program P30 AI 54999).

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