Slowing Resurgent Syphilis in People With HIV

References

1. Fenton KA, Breban R, Vardavas R, et al. Infectious syphilis in high-income settings in the 21st century. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:244-253.
2. Harper KN, Zuckerman MK, Harper ML, Kingston JD, Armelagos GJ. The origin and antiquity of syphilis revisited: an appraisal of Old World pre-Columbian evidence for treponemal infection. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2011;146(Suppl)53:99-133.
3. Excerpts from Syphilis. Department of History, University of California, Irvine. Accessed March 3, 2012.
4. Frascatoro G. On Contagion, Contagious Diseases and Their Cure. 1546. Wright WC (Transl). New York: Putnam. 1930.
5. Stamm LV. Biology of Treponema pallidum. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PR, Mardh P-A, et al, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998: 467-472.
6. Peterman TA, Furness BW. The resurgence of syphilis among men who have sex with men. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007; 20:54-59.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Syphilis -- CDC fact sheet. Accessed February 15, 2012.
8. Kirmani N. History and epidemiology of syphilis. Online slide show. Accessed February 12, 2012.
9. Waugh M. The centenary of Treponema pallidum: on the discovery of spirochaeta Pallida. SKINmed: Dermatology for the Clinician. 2005;4:313-315.
10. Parascandola J. John Mahoney and the introduction of penicillin to treat syphilis. Accessed March 3, 2012.
11. Parascandola J. Sex, Sin, and Science: A History of Syphilis in America. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. 2008.
12. Zetola NM, Klausner JD. Syphilis and HIV infection: an update. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1222-1228. Accessed February 17, 2012.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Syphilis & MSM (men who have sex with men) -- CDC fact sheet. Accessed February 20, 2012.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006 Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance: syphilis. Accessed February 21, 2012.
15. Buchacz K, Greenberg A, Onorato I, Janssen R. Syphilis epidemics and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence among men who have sex with men in the United States: implications for HIV prevention. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:S73-S79.
16. Chesson HW, Dee TS, Aral SO. AIDS mortality may have contributed to the decline in syphilis rates in the United States in the 1990s. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:419-424.
17. Breban R, Supervie V, Okano JT, Vardavas R, Blower S. Is there any evidence that syphilis epidemics cycle? Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:577-581.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012 National STD Prevention Conference: CDC's updated plan to eliminate syphilis in the United States. Accessed February 20, 2012.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Internet use and early syphilis infection among men who have sex with men -- San Francisco, California, 1999-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:1229-1232. Accessed February 20, 2012.
20. Klausner JD, Kent CK, Wong W, McCright J, Katz MH. The public health response to epidemic syphilis, San Francisco, 1999-2004. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32(10 Suppl):S11-S18.
21. Wong W, Chaw JK, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Risk factors for early syphilis among gay and bisexual men seen in an STD clinic: San Francisco, 2002-2003. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:458-463.
22. Su JR, Beltrami JF, Zaidi AA, Weinstock HS. Primary and secondary syphilis among black and Hispanic men who have sex with men: case report data from 27 states. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:145-151.
23. Torrone EA, Bertolli J, Li J, et al. Increased HIV and primary and secondary syphilis diagnoses among young men -- United States, 2004-2008. J Acquire Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58:328-335.
24. Kalichman SC, Pellowski J, Turner C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87:183-190. Accessed February 20, 2012.
25. Spielmann N, Münstermann D, Hagedorn HJ, et al; German HIV-1 Seroconverter Study Group. Time trends of syphilis and HSV-2 co-infection among men who have sex with men in the German HIV-1 seroconverter cohort from 1996-2007. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86:331-336.
26. Landes M, Thorne C, Barlow P, et al. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-1 infected pregnant women in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22:925-936.
27. Chesson HW, Heffelfinger JD, Voigt RF, Collins D. Estimates of primary and secondary syphilis rates in persons with HIV in the United States, 2002. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:265-269.
28. Horberg MA, Ranatunga DK, Quesenberry CP, Klein DB, Silverberg MJ. Syphilis epidemiology and clinical outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:53-58.
29. van der Bij AK, Stolte IG, Coutinho RA, Dukers NH. Increase of sexually transmitted infections, but not HIV, among young homosexual men in Amsterdam: are STIs still reliable markers for HIV transmission? Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:34-37.
30. Paz-Bailey G, Meyers A, Blank S, et al. A case-control study of syphilis among men who have sex with men in New York City: association with HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31:581-587.
31. Imrie J, Lambert N, Mercer CH, et al. Refocusing health promotion for syphilis prevention: results of a case-control study of men who have sex with men on England's south coast. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82:80-83.
32. Jin F, Prestage GP, Zablotska I, et al. High incidence of syphilis in HIV-positive homosexual men: data from two communitybased cohort studies. Sex Health. 2009;6:281-284.
33. Heiligenberg M, Rijnders B, Schim van der Loeff MF, et al. High prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected men during routine outpatient visits in the Netherlands. Sex Trans Dis. 2012;39:8-15.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmission of primary and secondary syphilis by oral sex: Chicago, Illinois, 1998-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:966-968.
35. Buchacz K, Klausner JD, Kerndt PR, et al. HIV incidence among men diagnosed with early syphilis in Atlanta, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, 2004 to 2005. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:234-240.
36. Janssen RS, Satten GA, Stramer SL, et al. New testing strategy to detect early HIV-1 infection for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes. JAMA. 1998;280:42-48.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in primary and secondary syphilis and HIV infections in men who have sex with men: San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, 1998-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:575-578.
38. Prejean J, Song R, Hernandez A, et al. Estimated HIV incidence in the United States, 2006-2009. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e17502. Accessed February 22, 2012.
39. Ho EL, Lukehart SA. Syphilis: using modern approaches to understand an old disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:4584-4592. Accessed February 22, 2012.
40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:RR-12. Accessed February 23, 2012.
41. Aberg JA, Kaplan JE, Libman H, et al. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: 2009 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:651-681. Accessed February 23, 2012.
42. Tai E, Sanchez T, Lansky A, Mahle K, Heffelfinger J, Workowski K. Self-reported syphilis and gonorrhoea testing among men whout have sex with men: national HIV behavioural surveillance system, 2003-5. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84:478-482.
43. Taylor MM, Peterson B, Post J, Williams C, Vanig T, Winscott M. Self-examination behaviors for syphilis symptoms among HIV-infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55:284-285.
44. Lambert NL, Fisher M, Imrie J, et al. Community based syphilis screening: feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness in case finding. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:213-216. Accessed February 23, 2012.
45. US Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration. Guide for HIV/AIDS Clinical Care. January 2011. Accessed February 23, 2012.
46. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:369-376.
47. Musher DM, Hamill RJ, Baughn RE. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the course of syphilis and on the response to treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:872-881.
48. Taylor MM, Aynalem G, Olea LM, He P, Smith LV, Kerndt PR. A consequence of the syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM): neurosyphilis in Los Angeles, 2001-2004. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35:430-434.
49. Ghanem KG, Moore RD, Rompalo AM, Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM, Gebo KA. Neurosyphilis in a clinical cohort of HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2008;22:1145-1151. Accessed February 23, 2012.
50. Poliseli R, Vidal JE, Penalva De Oliveira AC, Hernandez AV. Neurosyphilis in HIV-infected patients: clinical manifestations, serum venereal disease research laboratory titers, and associated factors to symptomatic neurosyphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35:425-429.
51. de Almeida SM, Bhatt A, Riggs PK, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus viral load in patients with neurosyphilis. J Neurovirol. 2010;16:6-12.
52. Libois A, De Wit S, Poll B, et al. HIV and syphilis: when to perform a lumbar puncture. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:141-144.
53. Ghanem KG, Moore RD, Rompalo AM, Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM, Gebo KA. Lumbar puncture in HIV-infected patients with syphilis and no neurologic symptoms. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:816-821.
54. Biotti D, Bidot S, Mahy S, et al. Ocular syphilis and HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:41-43.
55. Kunkel J, Schürmann D, Pleyer U, et al. Ocular syphilis -- indicator of previously unknown HIV-infection. J Infect. 2009;58:32-36.
56. Tucker JD, Li JZ, Robbins GK, et al. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected patients: a systematic analysis of the literature. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87:4-8. Accessed March 3, 2012.
57. Li JZ, Tucker JD, Lobo AM, et al. Ocular syphilis among HIV-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:468-471.
58. Amaratunge BC, Camuglia JE, Hall AJ. Syphilitic uveitis: a review of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative patients. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2010;38:68-74.
59. Sadiq ST, McSorley J, Copas AJ, et al. The effects of early syphilis on CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA viral loads in blood and semen. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:380-385.
60. Kofoed K, Gerstoft J, Mathiesen LR, Benfield T. Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfection: influence on CD4 T-cell count, HIV-1 viral load, and treatment response. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33:143-148.
61. Palacios R, Jiménez-Oñate F, Aguilar M, et al. Impact of syphilis infection on HIV viral load and CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;44:356-359.
62. Buchacz K, Patel P, Taylor M, et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections. AIDS. 2004;18:2075-2079.
63. Manfredi R, Sabbatani S, Pocaterra D, Calza L, Chiodo F. Syphilis does not seem to involve virological and immunological course of concurrent HIV disease. AIDS. 2006;20:305-306.
64. Weintrob AC, Gu W, Qin J, et al. Syphilis co-infection does not affect HIV disease progression. Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21:57-59.
65. Pialoux G, Vimont S, Moulignier A, Buteux M, Abraham B, Bonnard P. Effect of HIV infection on the course of syphilis. AIDS Rev. 2008;10:85-92. Accessed February 24, 2012.
66. Lynn W. Lightman S. Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous combination. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:456-466.
67. Rolfs R, Joesoef M, Hendershot E, et al; Syphilis and HIV Study Group. A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without HIV. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:307-314. Accessed April 24, 2012.
68. Hall C, Klausner J, Bolan G. Managing syphilis in the HIV-infected patient. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2004;6:72-81.
69. Hutchinson C, Hook E, Shepherd M, Verlsey J, Rompalo A. Altered clinical presentations of early syphilis in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:94-100.
70. Malone J, Wallace M, Hendrick B, et al. Syphilis and neurosyphilis in a HIV-1 seropositive population: evidence for frequent serologic relapse after therapy. Am J Med. 1995;99:55-63.
71. Zetola NM, Engelman J, Jensen TP, Klausner JD. Syphilis in the United States: an update for clinicians with an emphasis on HIV coinfection. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:1091-1102. Erratum in Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:1434.
72. McDonough JER. The treatment of syphilis in 1915. Accessed February 12, 2012.
73. Miller MG. Syphilis treatment during WWI. Accessed February 12, 2012.
74. Stebbing J, Bower M. Lessons for HIV from Tuskegee. J HIV Ther. 2004;9:50-52.
75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US Public Health Service syphilis study at Tuskegee. Accessed February 13, 2012.
76. Waugh M. The centenary of Treponema pallidum: on the discovery of spirochaeta Pallida. Skinmed. 2005;4:313-315.
77. Ghanem K. Evaluation and management of syphilis in the HIV-infected patient. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010;12:140-146.
78. Blank LJ, Rompalo AM, Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM, Ghanem KG. Treatment of syphilis in HIV-infected subjects: a systematic review of the literature. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87:9-16.
79. Ghanem KG, Erbelding EJ, Wiener ZS, Rompalo AM. Serological response to syphilis treatment in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83:97-101.
80. Lukehart SA, Hook EW, Baker-Zander SA, Collier AC, Critchlow CW, Handsfield HH. Invasion of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:855-862.
81. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Tantalo L, et al. Normalization of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after neurosyphilis therapy: does HIV status matter? Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1001-1006. Accessed February 26, 2012.
82. Marra CM, Longstreth WT, Jr, Maxwell CL, Lukehart SA. Resolution of serum and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis. Influence of concomitant human immunodeficiency virus infection. Sex Transm Dis. 1996; 23:184-189.
83. Farhi D, Dupin N. Management of syphilis in the HIV-infected patient: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2010; 28:539-545.
84. Farhi D, Benhaddou N, Grange P, et al. Clinical and serologic baseline and follow-up features of syphilis according to HIV status in the post-HAART era. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88:331-340.
85. Ghanem KG, Moore RD, Rompalo AM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy is associated with reduced serologic failure rates for syphilis among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:258-265. Accessed February 26, 2012.
86. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Tantalo LC, et al. Normalization of serum rapid plasma reagin titer predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid and clinical abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:893-899. Accessed February 26, 2012.
87. Lewis DA, Lukehart SA. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum: evolution, therapeutic challenges and the need to strengthen global surveillance. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(Suppl 2):ii39-43. Accessed February 27, 2012.
88. Koss CA, Dunne EF, Warner L. A systematic review of epidemiologic studies assessing condom use and risk of syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:401-405.
89. Tobian AA, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of HSV-2 and HPV infections and syphilis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1298-1309. Accessed February 27, 2012.
90. Wiysonge CS, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey M, et al. Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;Jun 15(6):CD007496.
91. Klausner JD, Wolf W, Fischer-Ponce L, Zolt I, Katz MH. Tracing a syphilis outbreak through cyberspace. JAMA. 2000; 284:447-449.
92. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Using the Internet for partner notification of sexually transmitted diseases -- Los Angeles County, California, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:129-131.
93. McFarlane M, Kachur R, Klausner JD, Roland E, Cohen M. Internet-based health promotion and disease control in the 8 cities: successes, barriers, and future plans. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:S60-S64.